object-name: move logic to compute loose abbreviation length

object-name: move logic to compute loose abbreviation length

The function `repo_find_unique_abbrev_r()` takes as input an object ID
as well as a minimum object ID length and returns the minimum required
prefix to make the object ID unique.

The logic that computes the abbreviation length for loose objects is
deeply tied to the loose object storage format. As such, it would fail
in case a different object storage format was used.

Prepare for making this logic generic to the backend by moving the logic
into a new `odb_source_loose_find_abbrev_len()` function that is part of
"object-file.c".

Signed-off-by: Patrick Steinhardt <ps@pks.im>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>